怎么治疗小儿荨麻疹

荨麻疹是常见的小儿皮肤病。发病时，孩子的皮肤上会出现红色和白色条痕或肿块。^[1] 它不具传染性，可能持续数小时至数天，在某些急性和慢性案列中，症状甚至会持续好几周。^[2] 这是因为身体对某些因素过敏，或是热气、焦虑、感染或温度变化，促使它释放组胺，导致皮肤起荨麻疹。^[3] 小孩得了荨麻疹？不要担心，你可以用简单的家庭疗法或处方药来进行治疗。

步骤

让医生进行诊断

1. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/b\/bf\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-1-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-1-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/b\/bf\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-1-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-1-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 1 了解荨麻疹的症状。荨麻疹可以分为局限性和广泛性。了解荨麻疹症状可以帮助你确认病因。^[4]
   • 局限性荨麻疹只出现在身体某个部位，通常是植物、花粉、食物、宠物的唾液和毛发直接接触皮肤造成的。^[5]
   • 广泛性荨麻疹则遍布全身。这可能是身体对病毒感染做出的反应，或是对食物、药物或蚊虫叮咬过敏。^[6]
2. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/f\/f6\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-2-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-2-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/f\/f6\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-2-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-2-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 2 留意荨麻疹发作的原因。小孩得荨麻疹的原因很多，不管是局限性或广泛性荨麻疹，了解原因可以帮助你在家有效地给孩子进行治疗，或是决定要不要去看儿科医生。常见的原因包括：^[7]
   • 对贝类、坚果、牛奶和水果等食物过敏。^[8] 食物引起的荨麻疹一般会在6小时内（消化不良）消失。^[9]
   • 盘尼西林或脱敏针等药物。^[10]
   • 和宠物或动物接触。^[11]
   • 接触有花植物的花粉。^[12]
   • 被蚊子、蜜蜂等昆虫叮咬。^[13]
   • 焦虑或压力。^[14]
   • 暴露在极端气温或太阳下。^[15]
   • 接触化学物品，包括洗衣精或香皂。^[16]
   • 病毒感染，比如普通感冒、传染性单核细胞增多和肝炎。^[17]
   • 细菌感染，比如尿路感染和链球菌性咽炎。^[18]
3. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/8\/86\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-3-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-3-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/8\/86\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-3-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-3-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 3 带孩子去看儿科医生。孩子得了荨麻疹，而你不确定病因？荨麻疹一周内都没有消失？他最近吃了新的药或食物？曾被某种昆虫叮咬？他感到非常不舒服？请带孩子去看儿科医生。医生可以开口服药、类固醇药膏或其它治疗方案，帮助缓解荨麻疹。^[19]
   • 如果你不确定荨麻疹发作的原因，一定要去看医生，免得不小心用了可能伤害孩子的方法，或不必要的方法进行治疗。^[20]
   • 孩子吃了第二剂抗组胺剂后，情况还是很严重？请去看医生。^[21]
   • 如果孩子出现过敏性休克症状，包括脸部或喉咙肿胀、咳嗽、气喘、呼吸困难、头晕或昏倒，请立刻挂急诊，或拨打紧急求救电话。^[22]
4. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/1\/1e\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-4-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-4-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/1e\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-4-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-4-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 4 进行医学检验。要是医生也无法确认孩子起荨麻疹的原因，他可能会用不同的测试帮助确诊。这么做不但能找出确切的原因，也有助于制定最适合你孩子的治疗方案。^[23]
   • 医生可能让孩子验血，确认潜在原因。^[24]
   • 医生可能让孩子进行过敏测试，确认过敏原。^[25]
5. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/3\/35\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-5-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-5-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/3\/35\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-5-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-5-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 5 治疗根本原因。如果医生确认了引发荨麻疹的根本原因，他会通过治疗这个状况，来缓解疹子和瘙痒。一些研究显示消除潜在原因比解决荨麻疹症状更有效。^[26]
   • 举个例子，如果你的孩子有甲状腺问题，医生会先医治甲状腺，看看这是否对荨麻疹有帮助。^[27]
   • 如果医生确认你的孩子对某种因素过敏，他会要求你不让孩子接触过敏原。
6. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/1\/16\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-6-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-6-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/16\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-6-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-6-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 6 避开荨麻疹发作的因素。这种皮肤病可能是过敏原或特殊的刺激物造成的，了解孩子发病的原因，就能避开刺激物，帮助缓解和预防荨麻疹。^[28]
   • 荨麻疹发作的诱因可以是过敏原、药物、食物过敏、化妆品、环境因素、蚊虫叮咬、感染、刺激性肥皂或洗涤剂。^[29]
   • 如果你怀疑某样东西就是罪魁祸首，试着不让孩子接触它，看看是否能缓解症状。^[30]
   • 某些外在因素会使荨麻疹恶化，包括日照、压力、流汗和温度变化。^[31]
   • 用温和或低敏感性肥皂和洗衣液。它们的有害化学成分比较少，不太会刺激孩子的皮肤。标注为“低敏感性”的产品都在过敏肌肤上做了测试，不会刺激孩子的皮肤。^[32]

在家治疗荨麻诊

1. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/9\/9c\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-7-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-7-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/9c\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-7-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-7-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 1 如果是局限性荨麻疹，你得帮孩子洗掉过敏原。要是荨麻疹只集中在某个身体部位，用肥皂和水洗掉过敏原，应该可以缓解荨麻疹，也能防止过敏原留在皮肤上，导致病情恶化。^[33]
   • 你不用买特殊的肥皂，任何肥皂都能洗掉过敏原。^[34]
2. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/1\/12\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-8-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-8-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/12\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-8-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-8-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 2 泡个冷水澡，减轻皮肤发痒和发红。冷水澡可以舒缓皮肤刺激，帮助减轻炎症。这个方法对广泛性荨麻疹最有用。在洗澡水中加一些胶态燕麦，也能进一步舒缓皮肤。^[35]
   • 在水里撒点小苏打、未煮过的燕麦或胶态燕麦，可以镇静皮肤。^[36]
   • 让孩子泡10到15分钟就好，以免着凉。^[37]
3. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/4\/4b\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-9-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-9-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/4\/4b\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-9-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-9-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 3 抹炉甘石液或止痒膏。抹炉甘石液或非处方止痒膏，可以缓解荨麻疹、瘙痒和炎症。杂货店和药房（实体店或网上）均有出售。^[38]
   • 非处方止痒膏或氢化可的松药膏有止痒作用。购买强度至少有1%的氢化可的松药膏。
   • 给孩子洗澡后涂在患处。每天1次。^[39]
4. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/f\/fd\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-10.jpg\/v4-460px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-10.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/f\/fd\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-10.jpg\/v4-728px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-10.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 4 利用冷敷缓解发痒和发炎症状。荨麻疹之所以会发痒、发炎，是因为血液里有组胺。冷敷袋或冷敷布可以收缩血管，减少血流，使皮肤感到清凉，进而缓解发痒和发炎症状。^[40]
   • 过敏原进入体内时，身体就会产生组胺，引发所有过敏反应，包括发痒和发炎。
   • 每隔2小时或在必要时， 将冷敷布放在疹子上，断断续续地敷10到15分钟。^[41]
5. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/d\/df\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-11.jpg\/v4-460px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-11.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/d\/df\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-11.jpg\/v4-728px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-11.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 5 阻止孩子抓痒。尽量防止小孩抓痒。抓痒会使过敏原扩散，症状恶化，或引起其它问题（比如皮肤感染）。^[42]
6. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/d\/de\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-12.jpg\/v4-460px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-12.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/d\/de\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-12.jpg\/v4-728px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-12.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 6 保护孩子的皮肤，有助于预防和缓解荨麻疹。衣服、绷带甚至是驱虫喷雾，均能提供一定的保护作用，帮助减轻症状。
   • 穿宽松、凉爽、质地平滑的衣服，比如棉或美利奴羊毛制成的衣服，以免孩子抓痒和出汗过多，导致荨麻疹恶化。^[43]
   • 让孩子穿长袖衣和长裤，既可以防止他抓痒，也能防止皮肤接触外在刺激物。^[44]
   • 如果你知道孩子会接触到昆虫，也可以在没有起荨麻疹的部位喷驱虫剂，防止昆虫靠近孩子的皮肤，引起更严重的过敏反应。。

服用药物

1. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/1\/14\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-13.jpg\/v4-460px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-13.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/14\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-13.jpg\/v4-728px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-13.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 1 给孩子吃抗组胺剂。如果小孩全身都起荨麻疹，请给他服用抗组胺剂。这些药物可以抑制组胺，不让它们引起过敏反应，帮助缓解皮肤瘙痒和发炎。^[45]
   • 根据孩子年龄和体重，给他服用所建议的剂量。如果你不确定用量，请咨询医生。^[46]
   • 常见的抗组胺剂包括盐酸西替利嗪（cetirizine）^[47] 、氯苯那敏（chlorpheniramine）^[48] 和苯海拉明（diphenhydramine）。^[49]
   • 这些药通常有镇静催眠作用，服用后一定要关注小孩的安全。^[50]
2. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/c\/c4\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-14.jpg\/v4-460px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-14.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/c\/c4\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-14.jpg\/v4-728px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-14.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 2 服用H2受体阻抗剂。医生可能建议小孩服用H2受体阻抗剂，缓解荨麻疹。服用方式有注射或口服。^[51]
   • H2受体阻抗剂包括西咪替丁（商品名Tagamet）、雷尼替丁（商品名Zantac）、尼扎替丁（商品名Axid）和法莫替丁（商品名Pepcid）。^[52]
   • 这些药物可能会引起消化问题或头痛。^[53]
3. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/1\/1e\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-15.jpg\/v4-460px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-15.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/1e\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-15.jpg\/v4-728px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-15.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 3 使用处方皮质类固醇。要是其它方法无法缓解小儿荨麻疹，医生可能会开药效更强的外用或口服皮质类固醇，比如强的松。一定要按医生指示给小孩喂药，因为这些药物会使免疫力下降。^[54]
   • 口服类固醇只能短期服用，长期服用会引发严重副作用。^[55]
4. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/0\/0b\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-16.jpg\/v4-460px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-16.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/0\/0b\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-16.jpg\/v4-728px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-16.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 4 注射抗哮喘药。一些研究显示注射奥马珠单抗（omalizumab），或许有助于缓解荨麻疹。它的好处在于没有副作用。^[56]
   • 这项治疗比其它方法贵，而且通常不受保。^[57]
5. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/e\/ed\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-17.jpg\/v4-460px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-17.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/e\/ed\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-17.jpg\/v4-728px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-17.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 5 结合服用抗哮喘药和抗组胺剂。医生可能会让小孩进行抗哮喘药和抗组胺剂疗程，或许有助于缓解荨麻疹。^[58]
   • 医生会开孟鲁司特（商品名Singulair）或扎鲁司特（商品名Accolate）抗哮喘药，再配合处方或非处方抗组胺剂。^[59]
   • 这项疗程会引起行为和情绪变化。^[60]
6. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/7\/7d\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-18.jpg\/v4-460px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-18.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/7d\/Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-18.jpg\/v4-728px-Treat-Hives-in-Children-Step-18.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 6 考虑服用免疫抑制剂。如果小孩得慢性荨麻疹，其它治疗方法不起作用，医生可能建议他服用免疫抑制剂。它有助于缓解急性和慢性荨麻疹。^[61]
   • 环孢霉素可以限制免疫系统对荨麻诊的反应，帮助缓解小儿荨麻疹。但是，它的副作用包括头痛、恶心，某些患者的肾功能甚至会下降。^[62]
   • 他克莫司也能减少引发荨麻疹的免疫反应。副作用和环孢霉素相似。^[63]
   • 霉酚酸酯可以抑制免疫系统，改善荨麻疹的症状和征兆。^[64]

警告

• 荨麻疹一般无害。在罕见的情况下，它也可能会很危险，特别是如果过敏反应太严重，导致小孩呼吸困难。如果你担心小孩的情况，或是家庭疗法不起作用，荨麻疹恶化了，最好带他去看医生。