怎么维持课堂秩序

教育工作者的课堂纪律技巧来自他们的教学准备和经验。优秀的老师会根据学生、课程和经验,找到在课堂上维持纪律最有效的办法。这需要时间,但优秀的老师总是会不断摸索不同的新方式与学生建立良好关系,营造有趣又安全的学习环境。

方法 1 的 6:

维持小学课堂纪律

  1. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/5\/52\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-1-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-1-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/5\/52\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-1-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-1-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 1 确定哪条规则最重要。考虑哪些规则能把课堂打造成安全有趣的学习环境,围绕这一目标制定规则。这些规则根据学生的年龄和教授的课程而有所不同。下面是一些例子:
    • 尊重他人。
    • 照顾好自己。
    • 照顾教室财产。
    • 想发言或引起注意时要举手。
  2. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/e\/eb\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-2-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-2-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/e\/eb\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-2-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-2-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 2 课堂规则不超要超过5条。这样学生更容易记住。这些规则应该能够指导各种情况下的行为,这样你就不需要为每个状况规定规则。[1]
  3. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/d\/de\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-3-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-3-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/d\/de\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-3-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-3-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 3 确保学生了解规则。第一天上课时,花些时间来解释课堂规则。说明每条规则的含义,举例说明什么事情属于遵守规则,什么事情是不遵守规则。
  4. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/a\/a8\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-4-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-4-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/a\/a8\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-4-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-4-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 4 列明后果。告诉学生违反规则的后果。这些后果可以分阶段产生,例如先是警告,课后留堂,然后是留校,找校长等。
    • 你可以给年龄较小的学生设隔离时间。破坏课堂纪律的小学生可能需要隔离冷静几分钟,以恢复他们的注意力,再重新回到课堂。[2]
  5. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/b\/bd\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-5-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-5-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/b\/bd\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-5-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-5-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 5 张贴规则。制作规则海报挂在教室里。用积极的方式阐述规则。例如,不要说“不能推别人”,代之以“尊重他人”。[3]
  6. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-6-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-6-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-6-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-6-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 6 让学生承诺遵守规则。学生和老师要达成协议,可以让他们签署承诺书,或者举手承诺会维护课堂规则。 [4]
    • 另一种方法是调动学生的主动性。在制定课堂规则时,让他们发表意见。[5]
    • 时不时跟学生回顾规则。
  7. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/5\/50\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-7-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-7-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/5\/50\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-7-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-7-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 7 使用非语言交流。使用手势、肢体语言和其他技巧吸引学生的注意力。例如,你可以在结束活动时关灯再开灯。[6]
    • 手势对小学生的效果特别好。定期更改非语言提示,让学生不会感到厌倦。[7]
  8. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/1\/18\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-8-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-8-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/18\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-8-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-8-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 8 表扬学生的得体行为。让学生知道他们遵守了规则,让学生的良好表现成为积极的榜样。学生看到良好的行为典范,会进行模仿。[8]
    • 一定要赞扬不同的学生。不要总是赞美同样的几个学生。
  9. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/6\/6e\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-9-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-9-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/6\/6e\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-9-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-9-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 9 刚开始让家长参与。如果存在纪律问题,要联系学生的家长,这样会很有帮助。不要等到纪律问题变得严重再联络家长。早期干预可以让学生改掉有问题的行为。
  10. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/b\/b3\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-10-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-10-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/b\/b3\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-10-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-10-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 10 教学生如何互相交流。帮助学生处理分歧和误解,加强积极的互动。这些互动方法有助于消除潜在的纪律问题。
    • 例如,谈谈学生应该怎样跟同学借用东西。让学生直视同学,等到同学注意听了,再礼貌地提问。
    • 如果学生之间有分歧,可以给学生想办法。例如,让学生冷静地看着对方说:“我明白你的感受。”然后冷静地解释各自的观点。
方法 2 的 6:

维持中学课堂纪律

  1. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/6\/69\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-11-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-11-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/6\/69\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-11-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-11-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 1 使用CHAMPS原则界定你预期的行为。 CHAMPS原则界定老师期望学生如何在课堂上表现。这种方法适用于各种情况和学习目标。根据以下几点设计指南,指导学生做出良好行为:[9]
    • C:讲话。学生可以在活动中讲话吗?可以跟谁说?说什么?
    • H:帮助。如果学生需要帮助,应该如何引起老师的注意?
    • A:活动。活动的目标是什么?
    • M:运动。学生在这项活动中可以离开座位吗?
    • P:参与。学生如何展示他们参与了活动?
    • S:成功。如果学生完成CHAMPS期望,他们应该在活动和良好行为方面取得成功。
  2. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/f\/fe\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-12-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-12-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/f\/fe\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-12-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-12-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 2 保持课堂井井有条和有规律。学生需要知道课堂上会发生什么。中学生特别想知道老师的要求和界限。遵循惯例非常重要。你的班级要有条理,让学生知道接下来会发生什么。[10]
  3. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/f\/fc\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-13-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-13-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/f\/fc\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-13-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-13-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 3 时不时搞点小惊喜。中学生容易分心。最好能把日常活动与自发或意料之外的活动结合在一起。他们非常喜欢积极的学习经历。[11]
  4. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/2\/24\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-14-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-14-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/2\/24\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-14-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-14-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 4 与学生建立关系。学生对老师很好奇,并希望了解老师的生活。当然,你不需要分享一切,但不时地讲述自己的故事可以让学生觉得他们和你建立起良好的关系。你也要了解学生。如果他们觉得你关心他们的喜好,就更有可能尊重你,并且保持良好行为。[12]
  5. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/b\/b8\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-15-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-15-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/b\/b8\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-15-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-15-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 5 态度积极。把每一天视为在课堂上取得成功的新机会。中学生这个年龄段情绪变化很大,保持耐心和积极性会让你的工作更加愉快。
  6. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/9\/94\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-16-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-16-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/94\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-16-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-16-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 6 用正常语气说话。当你用正常的语气说话时,学生通常会以正常的语气和音量说话。如果教室很吵,不需要提高声音。用正常的声音说话,这样学生就会安静下来听你说话。或者等到学生们安静下来之后再开始说话。[13]
  7. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/d\/d0\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-17-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-17-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/d\/d0\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-17-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-17-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 7 每月调整一次座位。每个月给学生分配新的座位。打乱学生们的组合,有助于消除一些问题行为。在每张桌子上放一张名牌来分配座位。[14]
  8. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/a\/a8\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-18-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-18-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/a\/a8\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-18-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-18-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 8 保持教室整洁有条理。一个井井有条的教室可以让学生更有秩序地行事。如果教室杂乱无章,学生可能不会认真对待你的话。[15]
  9. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/c\/c1\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-19-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-19-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/c\/c1\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-19-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-19-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 9 好好备课。纪律问题发生的原因之一是学生们觉得厌烦。如果你的课程不清楚、杂乱无章,或者没有足够的参与感,他们的专注力会降低。提高学生对课程的兴趣,让学生保持参与感和注意力。[16]
  10. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-20-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-20-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-20-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-20-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 10 在教室里巡视。教学或在学生完成小组或个人课堂作业时,要在整间教室不断走动。让学生注意到你在关注并参与他们的作业。在学生解决问题时,给学生一些提示。[17] [18]
方法 3 的 6:

维持高中课堂纪律

  1. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/0\/07\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-21-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-21-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/0\/07\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-21-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-21-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 1 尊重学生。无论学生年龄大小,每个人都应受到尊重。你的学生也会更尊重你。
  2. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/9\/9c\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-22-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-22-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/9c\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-22-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-22-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 2 了解学生。了解学生,对他们表现出兴趣。一定要知道他们的名字。通过提问来了解有关他们的其他信息。
    • 但要记住,你不应该成为学生的好朋友。保持一定的距离对于维护课堂权威非常重要。否则,学生可能会寻求特殊待遇或恩惠,特别是在处理纪律问题的时候。[19]
  3. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/e\/e0\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-23-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-23-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/e\/e0\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-23-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-23-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 3 让学生参与并负责。当学生参与课堂教材时,他们能在课堂上承担更多责任。策划有趣和有吸引力的课程,引入有趣的活动,保持他们的参与感。[20]
    • 例如,在课堂上进行简单的民意调查,了解学生对特定问题的看法。
  4. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/7\/75\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-24-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-24-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/75\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-24-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-24-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 4 帮助学生学习社交情感技巧。这些学生虽然已经是青少年,他们仍然需要培养社交情感技能。帮助学生解决他们与朋友和同学的问题。[21]
    • 例如,如果学生行为不端或搅扰了同学,可以帮助这名学生想出弥补方法,找出有意义的解决方案。
  5. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/3\/33\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-25-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-25-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/3\/33\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-25-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-25-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 5 公平一致。平等对待你的学生。虽然你可能有喜欢的学生,但不要让学生知道。公平地维持纪律。
  6. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/c\/c0\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-26-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-26-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/c\/c0\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-26-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-26-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 6 态度积极。将每一天视为在课堂上取得成功的新机会。不要把学生想得很糟糕。
  7. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/9\/9f\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-27-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-27-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/9f\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-27-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-27-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 7 教学和在学生完成小组或个人课堂作业时,要在整个教室里不断走动。让学生注意到你在关注并参与他们的作业。在学生解决问题时,给学生一些提示。[22] [23]
  8. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/4\/4f\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-28-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-28-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/4\/4f\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-28-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-28-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 8 不要羞辱学生。如果你需要与学生讨论纪律,不要以羞辱学生的方式讨论。把学生叫到一边或在教室外与他交谈。不要在同学面前给他难堪。[24]
方法 4 的 6:

管理大学课堂

  1. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/7\/7b\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-29-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-29-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/7b\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-29-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-29-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 1 把规则纳入你的教学大纲。大学课堂上都是成年学生,他们自己应该知道如何行事。但是,明确课堂规则还是必要的。
    • 例如,你可以明确参与课堂讨论的规则,包括尊重同学,避免人身攻击等。
    • 还要明确有关学术诚信、技术使用、作业等等的政策。
    • 与你的院系联系,获得学校范围内相关政策的正确措辞。
  2. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/f\/f6\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-30-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-30-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/f\/f6\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-30-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-30-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 2 在上课的第一天明确规则。从一开始就根据你对课堂行为的期望定下界限。举例说明如何实施这些规则以及如何处理后果。
  3. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/0\/03\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-31-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-31-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/0\/03\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-31-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-31-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 3 保持专业性。如果你希望学生认真对待你,那么行事专业是很重要的。表现太随意会让学生怀疑你的权威。
    • 虽然你应该保持专业,但不能让学生望而却步。你可以透露些有关你自己的事,让自己显得亲切一些,让学生了解你。[25]
  4. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/4\/4f\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-32-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-32-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/4\/4f\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-32-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-32-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 4 记住学生的名字。通常,大学课堂学生很多,但都不知道他们的名字。这造成了学生和老师之间的距离,让学生感到疏远。如果你认识学生,叫得出他们的名字,就可以营造出让学生觉得备受关注的环境。
  5. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/1\/10\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-33-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-33-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/10\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-33-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-33-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 5 在采取行动之前,先考虑原因。如果学生经常迟到,导致课堂中断,先想想可能的原因。在课程结束时,将学生拉到一边或在办公时间与他交谈。学生无法按时上课,可能是因为他要从打工的地方赶到学校。在这种情况下,你可以把这种情况做特殊处理,或者建议学生根据日程安排选择不同的课程。[26]
  6. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/1\/10\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-33-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-33-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/10\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-33-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-33-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 6 保存纪律问题的文件记录。如果你遇到纪律问题,务必记录你采取的每一步。向行政人员或主管了解你所在院系处理纪律问题的流程。
方法 5 方法 5 的 6:

处理课堂冲突

  1. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/3\/3b\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-35-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-35-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/3\/3b\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-35-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-35-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 1 使用LEAST系统。美国全国教育协会开发了LEAST系统,为老师提供处理课堂冲突的策略。从第一步开始做起,必要时转到下一步。一步步向前,以此处理课堂冲突。[27]
    • L:别管它。如果课堂上的干扰很小,并且不太可能再发生,可以忽略它。
    • E:间接结束该行为。当学生扰乱课堂时,让他们知道你已经看到他们的行为;给他们一个非语言示意,例如抬起眉毛、挥手或朝他们走过去。
    • A:更充分地介入。让学生告诉你这个问题。询问发生了什么以及涉及到谁。
    • S:宣布指示。提醒学生规则和后果。在你警告学生之后计划处理后果。
    • T:处理学生变化。记录有关纪律问题,写下发生的事情、参与的人、发生的时间以及你的反应。
  2. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/3\/3e\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-36-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-36-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/3\/3e\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-36-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-36-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 2 保持镇定。保持头脑清醒是在面对冲突时最好的做法。不要对学生表现出消极或愤怒的情绪。相反,保持冷静和理智。用正常的语气说话。
    • 深呼吸,让自己平静下来。[28]
  3. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/b\/bb\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-37-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-37-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/b\/bb\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-37-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-37-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 3 支开起冲突的学生。把学生带出教室谈一谈。这样可以让学生摆脱眼前的对抗状态。同时把他跟同学隔离,其他同学可能也涉及了这个纪律问题。[29]
    • 不要让其他学生参与冲突。
  4. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/9\/90\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-38-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-38-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/90\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-38-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-38-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 4 不要与学生发生争执。在学生中保持中立。如果学生有意让你与他争辩,不要上钩。保持坚定而冷静的立场。[30]
    • 如果学生继续和你争吵,可以说:“我们将在课后讨论这个问题。”这样可以暂时停止冲突。[31]
  5. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-39-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-39-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-39-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-39-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 5 将冲突视为让学生受教育的机会。如果在课堂上出现争论,可以在下一节课讨论。问你的学生他们将如何处理这个争论。让他们思考如何理解他们不同意的观点。[32]
    • 当你在课堂上谈论敏感问题时,这办法很好用。如果讨论激烈,让学生花点时间静静地思考问题。然后让他们思考为什么讨论如此激烈。
方法 6 方法 6 的 6:

在课堂上对付愤怒的学生

  1. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/b\/b1\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-40-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-40-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/b\/b1\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-40-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-40-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 1 保证其他学生的安全。如果学生开始发脾气,你的首要任务是保证其他学生的安全。 [33]
    • 如果教室里有欺凌行为,了解制止欺凌的对策。
    • 如果情况升级,考虑提前下课。
  2. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/2\/2f\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-41-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-41-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/2\/2f\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-41-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-41-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 2 保持冷静和中立。在学生平静下来之前,不要与学生交谈。自己保持冷静,不要偏袒任何一方。
  3. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/0\/0e\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-42-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-42-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/0\/0e\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-42-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-42-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 3 不要碰学生。把手放在学生的肩膀上,试图让他们平静下来,看起来可能是一种自然的举动;但是有人在生气时,你不知道他们可能会做出什么回应。保持与学生的距离。[34]
  4. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/9\/98\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-43-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-43-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/98\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-43-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-43-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 4 让其他学生找人帮忙。如果情况升级,让另一名学生去寻求帮助。找另一位老师或有权威的人来帮忙解除危险状况,给予你支持。[35]
  5. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/b\/b4\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-44-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-44-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/b\/b4\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-44-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-44-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 5 记录事件。如果出现较麻烦的事件,例如暴力或过度生气的学生,你应该记录发生的事情。事件发生后,立即写下发生的事情,包括发生的事情、发生的时间、相关人员姓名等详细信息。
    • 将此记录交给行政人员。另存一份,家长想看时可以派上用场。
  6. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/a\/ac\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-45-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-45-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/a\/ac\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-45-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-45-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 6 联系学生家长。如果事件严重,你或校长可能需要联系学生家长。告诉他们发生了什么事。不要添加你的意见,只谈事实。
  7. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/0\/07\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-46-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-46-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/0\/07\/Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-46-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Maintain-Classroom-Discipline-Step-46-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 7 可以跟学生讨论此事件。把冲突作为学生受教育的机会。这也是向学生们保证他们课堂安全的好时机。

小提示

  • 了解学校的指导方针。确保你的课堂政策和规则与学校的政策和规则一致。如果学生违反规则需要处理,这也一样适用。
  • 如果你在课堂维持纪律时遇到困难,可以向校长或同事咨询有用的策略。
  • 有许多关于改善课堂纪律的在线演讲和研讨会。询问校长或主管,看看学校是否能支付参与费用。

警告

  • 了解如何采取行动防止学校暴力,如果发生冲突或纪律问题升级为暴力,知道自己该怎么办。

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