离子化合物是由阴阳离子组成的化合物。要命名离子化合物,你需要先写出金属的名字,再写出非金属的名字,最后用“化”连接。如果你想了解如何命名各种离子化合物,请阅读本文。
步骤
方法 1 的 3:
基本的离子化合物
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1
写出离子化合物的化学式。本文以“NaCl”为例。[1]
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2
写出金属部分的名字。“Na”是钠,所以先写下“钠”。
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3
写出非金属部分的名字。“Cl”是氯,所以写下“氯”,并且在后面加上“化”。
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4
把名字组合起来。NaCl的名字就是“氯化钠”。
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5
挑选一些简单的离子化合物练习命名。写出化学式之后,你就可以试着命名了。记住一些简单化合物的名字,有助于你理解如何命名离子化合物。下面是一些例子:
- Li2S = “硫化锂”
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- Ag2S = “ 硫化银”
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- MgCl2 = “氯化镁”
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方法 2 的 3:
过渡金属元素
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1
写出离子化合物的化学式。过渡金属元素位于元素周期表的中间位置。之所以叫“过渡金属元素”的原因,是它的氧化数或电子数并不固定。比如化合物:Fe2O3[2]
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2
写出金属的电子数。金属的电子数为正,所以将“O3”的“3”,标在“Fe”上,写出Fe的电荷数为+3(反过来,你还可以标出“O”的电荷数为-2)。有时,电子数是已知的。
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3
写出金属元素的名字。由于“Fe”代表铁并且电子数+3,那么你可以加它“三价铁”。但要记住,这只是它的叫法,化学式并不需要这样写。
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4
写出非金属元素的名字。“O”代表氧,所以叫“氧化”。
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5
将两者结合到一起。那么,Fe2O3 = “三氧化二铁”
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6
使用旧命名法。如果金属离子数字的绝对值小,那么它就处于低价态;如果金属离子数字的绝对值大,那么它就处于高价态。Fe2+的价态低(Fe3+的价态高),所以它又叫“亚铁”。Fe2+O的名字就叫“氧化亚铁”。
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7
记住特例。有两种过渡金属元素的电子数是确定的,它们是锌(Zn)和银(Ag)。所以直接命名即可。
方法 3 的 3:
多元离子化合物
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1
写出多元离子化合物的化学式。多元离子化合物是指包含两种不同金属离子的化合物。例如:FeNH4(SO4)2[3]
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2
确定金属的电子数。你可能需要计算才能确定。首先,硫酸根,即SO4的电子数是-2,由于有两个硫酸根,所以2 x -2 = -4。然后,铵根,即NH4的电子数是+1。将-4和+1相加,得到-3,也就意味着铁离子(Fe)的电子数一定是+3,因为只有这样,整个化合物的电子数才为零。
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3
写出金属元素的名字。本例中,你可以写“三价铁”或“铁”。
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4
写出非金属元素的名字。本例中,写出“铵”和“硫酸”,或者“硫酸铵”。
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5
将它们组合在一起。FeNH4(SO4)2的名字就叫做“硫酸正铁铵”或“硫酸铁铵”。
小提示