之后的治疗和步骤1相同,因为病情已经从中度变成轻微。[5]X
可靠来源
Mayo Clinic
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3
就医治疗严重肺炎。严重肺炎患者会出现呼吸衰竭,因此需要使用插管和人工呼吸机辅助呼吸。他们甚至可能需要住进重症监护室。[6]X研究来源Confalonieri, Marco, Alfredo Potena, and George Carbone. Acute Respiratory Failure in Patients with severe Community Acquired Pneumonia, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1999 Vol 160 pp 1585-1591[7]X研究来源Watkins, Richard and Tracy Lemonovich. Diagnosis and Management of Community Acquired Pneumonias in Adults American Family Physician 2011 Jun; 83 (11) 1299-1306
和中度肺炎一样,患者需要通过静脉注射抗生素。他们通常也需要血管升压药来抵消败血性休克的影响。
住院期间,当药物在发挥作用的时候,患者也需要接受支持性护理,改善整体健康状况。一旦身体状况好转,就会按中度肺炎护理,好一些后再按轻度肺炎治疗。至于需要住院多久,则取决于肺部损伤程度和肺炎严重度。[8]X
可靠来源
Mayo Clinic
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医生可能给某些患者使用双相气道正压通气(BiPAP)呼吸机,以此来代替插管和传统呼吸机。[9]X
可靠来源
PubMed Central
前往来源
BiPAP能以非侵入性方式提供压缩空气,常被用来治疗睡眠呼吸暂停症。[10]X研究来源
医生可能会给成人患者单用呼吸喹诺酮进行治疗,比如左氧氟沙星或莫西沙星。这种抗生素疗法比较少见,但是很有效。[11]X研究来源Watkins, Richard and Tracy Lemonovich. Diagnosis and Management of Community Acquired Pneumonias in Adults American Family Physician 2011 Jun; 83 (11) 1299-1306 儿童不能使用喹诺酮类药物。
至于中度和接近住院程度的轻微肺炎,医生会通过静脉注射头孢曲松,随后改为口服。
在所有情况下,医生会在几天内跟进病情,检查症状进展。[12]X研究来源Mandell, LA, Wunderink, RG. and Anzueto, A. Infectious Disease Society of America/American Thoracic Society, Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Community Acquired Pneumonia in Adults, Clinical Infectious Disease, 2007, 44: S27-72.
抗万古霉素肠球菌:静脉注射头孢洛林[13]X研究来源Mandell, LA, Wunderink, RG. and Anzueto, A. Infectious Disease Society of America/American Thoracic Society, Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Community Acquired Pneumonia in Adults, Clinical Infectious Disease, 2007, 44: S27-72.
许多人认为少睡一点对健康没有影响。但研究表明,免疫系统健康和每晚的睡眠有关系。睡眠质量越高,也就是每晚能够在有利睡眠的环境不受干扰地睡觉,免疫系统就越健康。[16]X研究来源 DeKeyser Ganz, Freda. Critical Care Nurse, Sleep and Immune Function, April 2012 volume 32 (2) e 19-e-25
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4
摄取维生素和矿物质。你可以服用一些补充剂来增强免疫系统的整体健康。对预防肺炎最有用的就是维生素C。每天摄取1000到2000毫克。柑橘类水果、柑橘类果汁、西兰花、西瓜、哈密瓜和其它许多蔬果都含有维生素C。[17]X研究来源Hemilia, H Vitamin C Supplementation and the common cold: Factors Affecting the Magnitude of the Benefit, Medical Hypotheses, 2012, 52 (2) 171-178
如果你觉得自己快要感冒了,可以赶快摄取锌来缩短病程,防止它演变成肺炎。在首次出现症状后,每天服用3次锌,每次150毫克。[18]X研究来源Magini, S, Beverly S, Suter M, Combination High Dose Vitamin C plus Zinc, Journal of Internal Medicine Residency 2012 40 1-28-42
肺炎疫苗有2种。13价肺炎球菌结合疫苗(PCV13或Prevnar 13),可以预防13种肺炎双球菌。23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗,简称PPSV23或Pneumovax,则可以预防23种肺炎双球菌。[20]X
可靠来源
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
前往来源
社区获得性肺炎是大部分人在日常生活中感染的肺炎。老年人、幼童、免疫力低下者感染社区获得性肺炎后,会比普通人更危险。患有糖尿病、感染人类免疫缺陷病毒、正在接受化疗和服用类固醇药物,均会造成免疫力下降。有的病情轻微,可以在家治疗;有的十分严重,会引起急性呼吸衰竭和死亡。[22]X研究来源Confalonieri, Marco, Alfredo Potena, and George Carbone. Acute Respiratory Failure in Patients with severe Community Acquired Pneumonia, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1999 Vol 160 pp 1585-1591
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2
识别肺炎的症状。肺炎的症状严重程度不同,视引发肺炎的病菌和患者病情而定。如果你出现以下任何症状,一定要立刻就医治疗。拖得越久,情况越坏。社区获得性肺炎的症状包括:[23]X研究来源Watkins, Richard and Tracy Lemonovich. Diagnosis and Management of Community Acquired Pneumonias in Adults American Family Physician 2011 Jun; 83 (11) 1299-1306
轻微肺炎通常不需要进行血检。要是病情比较严重,医生可能让你做一些实验室检查,比如全血细胞计数、基础代谢功能检查、痰液标本采集和细菌培养。[24]X研究来源Watkins, Richard and Tracy Lemonovich. Diagnosis and Management of Community Acquired Pneumonias in Adults American Family Physician 2011 Jun; 83 (11) 1299-1306
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4
立刻就医。某些情况需要立刻接受治疗。即使你已经得到治疗,要是症状恶化,也要立刻就医。出现下面的情况时,一定要立刻去看医生或前往急诊室:[25]X
可靠来源
Mayo Clinic
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