怎么鉴别山胡桃树

山胡桃树（隶属于胡桃家族）树冠广阔，不同于其他生长于欧洲、非洲和亚洲的山胡桃品种，它盛行于北美东部。山胡桃树可以出产密实、坚硬、防震的木材，通常被用于制作工具把手、家具以及装饰性建筑元素。除此之外，许多胡桃品种也被当做食品的主菜和配料出售，野外生存时，它的用途也很大。^[1] 下面这些指南可以帮助你鉴别山胡桃树，以满足你的各种需要。

步骤

是不是山胡桃树？

1. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/5\/54\/Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-1-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-1-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/5\/54\/Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-1-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-1-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 1 看叶子。^[2] 山胡桃树的叶子特征与其他树的叶子并不相同：
   • 叶柄上有几片又长又窄的小叶。
   • 叶子大小。根据品种不同，山胡桃树的叶子长度在5到20厘米之间。
   • 锯齿状边缘。有些叶子边缘非常锋利，有些要圆滑一些。
2. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/9\/94\/Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-2-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-2-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/94\/Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-2-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-2-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 2 查看叶轴形状。山胡桃树叶柄或叶轴很有特色。叶轴的特点有：
   • 小叶有5到17片。
   • 叶子成对地反向生长（奇数羽状复叶），垂直于叶柄，叶柄顶端突出一片单叶。
   • 大一些的叶子接近叶轴底端。
3. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/9\/97\/Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-3-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-3-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/97\/Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-3-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-3-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 3 查看树皮。山胡桃树的树皮呈纵裂。裂纹或深或浅，间距或远或近，裂纹均呈纵向。另外，树长成后，一些树皮从边缘翻起，并最终从顶部或底部脱落。
4. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/4\/46\/Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-4-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-4-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/4\/46\/Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-4-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-4-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 4 察看果实。山胡桃树的果实有木质外壳或外皮。^[3] 刚开始外皮呈绿色，最终会变暗变浅棕色，中部有一条缝隙。外皮的厚度随树种不同而有变化，但里面的果实均为白色或黄褐色，大小与警车顶灯差不多。^[4]
5. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/b\/b9\/Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-5-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-5-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/b\/b9\/Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-5-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-5-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 5 察看木髓。木髓是树枝的中心部分。所有的山胡桃树的木髓都非常坚硬，呈黄褐色，并有五个面。^[5] 察看从树上折下的树枝底部。如果你看到一个五面或者星形的黄褐色树心，它已经满足山胡桃树的两项要求了。如果想知道木髓是否坚硬，剪下一小段正在生长的树枝，把它切成两半。^[6] 如果树枝的中部看起来不像海绵或蜂巢，足够坚硬的话，木髓就是坚硬的。

鉴定山胡桃树的品种

1. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/b\/b2\/Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-6-Version-4.jpg\/v4-460px-Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-6-Version-4.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/b\/b2\/Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-6-Version-4.jpg\/v4-728px-Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-6-Version-4.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 1 鉴定南部小糙皮山胡桃树（carya caronlinae septentrionalis）。南部小糙皮山胡桃树生长在石灰岩土壤中。^[7] 它的叶边缘参差不齐，并有尖端，小叶5枚。小糙皮山胡桃树的细枝非常厚重，呈棕色，树皮粗糙，边缘翻起，这构成了它粗糙的外表。果实长度在3-5厘米，呈椭圆形，并且非常圆滑，外表覆盖厚厚的暗色外壳。果肉很甜。
2. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/b\/b2\/Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-7-Version-4.jpg\/v4-460px-Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-7-Version-4.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/b\/b2\/Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-7-Version-4.jpg\/v4-728px-Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-7-Version-4.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 2 鉴定心果山胡桃树（carya cordiformis）。这一品种生长在潮湿的森林中，也被称为蒸发库。有小叶9枚，叶边缘又宽又平滑。果实长度为2-4厘米，被包裹在薄薄的暗棕色外壳中。果肉是苦的，这也是植物名字来源。^[8] 心果的细枝细长，呈绿色，并且具有与众不同的黄芽。树皮呈浅灰棕色，裂纹没有深到剥落的程度。
3. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/b\/b7\/Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-8-Version-4.jpg\/v4-460px-Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-8-Version-4.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/b\/b7\/Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-8-Version-4.jpg\/v4-728px-Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-8-Version-4.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 3 鉴定光叶山胡桃树（carya glabra）。光叶山胡桃树生长在宽广的山脊上。叶子有5个尖端，锯齿边缘，暗绿色有光泽，叶柄较短。薄薄的果实外壳呈浅棕色，果实圆形，长宽为2.5x2厘米，同样呈浅棕色。细枝细长，颜色从暗紫色到浅绿色不等。树皮深深凹陷并有裂纹，但边缘不剥落。
4. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/c\/c0\/Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-9-Version-4.jpg\/v4-460px-Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-9-Version-4.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/c\/c0\/Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-9-Version-4.jpg\/v4-728px-Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-9-Version-4.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 4 鉴定糙皮山胡桃（carya laciniosa）。糙皮山胡桃生长在潮湿低洼的森林里。叶子为蜡质，呈中绿色，小叶至少9枚。果实长度从4.5厘米到6.5厘米不等，宽度为3.8厘米，是山胡桃家族中最大的，外壳厚重，呈深棕色。果肉味道甜美。嫩枝厚重，有圆圆的球茎。树皮呈窄长纵裂，可以从顶部和底部剥落。
5. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/f\/fe\/Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-10-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-10-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/f\/fe\/Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-10-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-10-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 5 鉴定甜山胡桃树（carya ovalis）。甜山胡桃树生长在山坡和森林边缘。它的叶子有红色和绿色，细长呈锥形，小叶至少5枚。叶子有平滑的锯齿边缘，与光叶山胡桃和南部小糙皮正好相反。甜山胡桃树的果实长度为2.5-3厘米，宽度为2厘米，呈圆形，浅棕色，果壳很薄，果肉甜美。外壳较薄呈深棕色。树皮粗糙，深纵裂，裂纹窄。树皮并非鳞片状，或有剥落。
6. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/f\/f3\/Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-11-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-11-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/f\/f3\/Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-11-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-11-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 6 鉴定小糙皮山胡桃树（carya ovate）。小糙皮山胡桃树可以生长在各种环境中，排水良好的环境中长势最好。叶子呈浅绿色，短而圆，有尖端，小叶有5到7枚。果实长3-5厘米，浅棕色，果皮较薄，果肉甜美，外壳厚重呈棕黑色。正如名字所示，小糙皮山胡桃树以其厚重，鳞片状的树皮著称，使其具有粗糙外表。
7. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/6\/6b\/Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-12-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-12-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/6\/6b\/Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-12-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-12-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 7 鉴定沙山胡桃树（carya palida）。沙山胡桃树叶表不光滑，呈浅绿色，叶片较窄，边缘光滑有尖端。果实是山胡桃树中最小的，平均只有13-37毫米长，外壳和果壳都很薄，果肉颜色浅。它同样是圆形的，外表有绒毛。果肉甜美。树皮相当光滑，形成有浅沟的紧密网格。
8. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/e\/e6\/Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-13-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-13-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/e\/e6\/Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-13-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Identify-Hickory-Trees-Step-13-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 8 鉴定柔毛山胡桃木（carya tomentosa）。柔毛山胡桃木生长在干旱地带，山坡和山脊上。叶子蜡质，中绿色，又宽又圆，小叶至少7枚。叶边缘呈柔软的锯齿状，锯齿不锋利。果实很小，长度只有3.8-5厘米，外壳厚重，深棕色。树皮深纵裂，裂纹紧密。树皮边缘开始卷曲，当树完全成熟时会发生剥落。

小提示

• 不要尝试用牙把核果打开。使用小石头或者钳子。
• 一旦你确定这是一棵山核桃树，不要害怕品尝果实。山胡桃树的果实都没有毒，当然吃很多苦涩的果肉也不是明智之举。