怎么给二次方程式配方

对二次方程配方,可以让其看起来更清楚,更容易解。你可以通过配方法,把一个很复杂的二次方程简化,甚至可以把它解掉。想知道怎么做?按下列的步骤来做吧。

方法 1 的 2:

把标准式化为顶点式

  1. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/2\/24\/Complete-the-Square-Step-1-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Complete-the-Square-Step-1-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/2\/24\/Complete-the-Square-Step-1-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Complete-the-Square-Step-1-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 1 写出方程式,如:3x2 - 4x + 5
  2. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/1\/15\/Complete-the-Square-Step-2-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Complete-the-Square-Step-2-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/15\/Complete-the-Square-Step-2-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Complete-the-Square-Step-2-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 2 把头两项都分解出首项的系数。你只要把3放在前面,括号括起来头两项,然后将两者都处以3。 3x2除以 3是 x2 , 4x 除以 3 是4/3x ,得到 3(x2 - 4/3x) + 5 ,5没有动,不用把它除以3。
  3. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/9\/99\/Complete-the-Square-Step-3-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Complete-the-Square-Step-3-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/99\/Complete-the-Square-Step-3-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Complete-the-Square-Step-3-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 3 把中项系数除以二,然后求平方值。中项系数就是b, 即4/3,先除以2, 4/3 ÷ 2 或 4/3 x 1/2 等于2/3 ,然后让这个数分子分母同平方,得到(2/3) 2 = 4/9
  4. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/c\/cc\/Complete-the-Square-Step-4-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Complete-the-Square-Step-4-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/c\/cc\/Complete-the-Square-Step-4-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Complete-the-Square-Step-4-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 4 在括号内加上再减去这个值。剩下的括号里头三项用来配成完全平方式。不过也要记得,你要从括号里把其减掉。这里不用把两者合并,否则又要从头开始。得到3( x2 - 4/3 x + 4/9 - 4/9) + 5
  5. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/a\/a3\/Complete-the-Square-Step-5-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Complete-the-Square-Step-5-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/a\/a3\/Complete-the-Square-Step-5-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Complete-the-Square-Step-5-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 5 把减去的项从括号里提出来。因为你括号外有3,所以不能直接提出-4/9 ,而要让其乘以3得到 -4/9 x 3 = -12/9,或 -4/3。如果你的首项 x2系数为1,则跳过这几步。
  6. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/b\/ba\/Complete-the-Square-Step-6-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Complete-the-Square-Step-6-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/b\/ba\/Complete-the-Square-Step-6-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Complete-the-Square-Step-6-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 6 把括号内的东西换成完全平方式。现在你剩下3(x2 -4/3x +4/9) ,回去看到4/9,这是完全平方式内另一个关键的项,你可以得到 3(x - 2/3) 2 。你只要把第二项除以二,然后移掉第三项即可。你可以代个数进去试试看看满不满足。
    • 3(x - 2/3) 2 =
    • 3(x - 2/3)(x -2/3) =
    • 3[(x2 -2/3x -2/3x + 4/9)]
    • 3(x2 - 4/3x + 4/9)
  7. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/9\/9d\/Complete-the-Square-Step-7-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Complete-the-Square-Step-7-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/9d\/Complete-the-Square-Step-7-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Complete-the-Square-Step-7-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 7 把常数项合并。这下你剩下两个常数项了,或者说没有变量的项。目前你剩下3(x - 2/3) 2 - 4/3 + 5 ,将-4/3 、5 加起来得11/3。你可以先通分为 -4/3 、15/3 ,然后分子相加,得到11/3
    • -4/3 + 15/3 = 11/3
  8. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/7\/71\/Complete-the-Square-Step-8-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Complete-the-Square-Step-8-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/71\/Complete-the-Square-Step-8-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Complete-the-Square-Step-8-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 8 用顶点式写出方程。完成了。最后得到 3(x - 2/3) 2 + 11/3。你可以把所有项除以3,得到 (x - 2/3) 2 + 11/9 ,现在你已经成功转化为顶点式了: a( x - h ) 2 + kk 是常数项。
方法 2 的 2:

解二次方程

  1. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/e\/e0\/Complete-the-Square-Step-9-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Complete-the-Square-Step-9-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/e\/e0\/Complete-the-Square-Step-9-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Complete-the-Square-Step-9-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 1 写出方程。比如 3x2 + 4x + 5 = 6
  2. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/e\/e4\/Complete-the-Square-Step-10-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Complete-the-Square-Step-10-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/e\/e4\/Complete-the-Square-Step-10-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Complete-the-Square-Step-10-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 2 把常数项合并,放在等号左边。常数项就是没有变量的项,目前左边有5右边有6,把6移过来,或者说两边同时减去6,右边(6-6)是0,左边(5-6)得到 -1,这样得到 3x2 + 4x - 1 = 0
  3. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/e\/eb\/Complete-the-Square-Step-11-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Complete-the-Square-Step-11-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/e\/eb\/Complete-the-Square-Step-11-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Complete-the-Square-Step-11-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 3 把所有项除以首项系数。这里3是首项 x2 的系数,要提出 3 ,就把剩余项除以3,即 3x2 ÷ 3 = x2, 4x ÷ 3 = 4/3x, 1 ÷ 3 = 1/3 ,得到 3(x2 + 4/3x - 1/3) = 0。
  4. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/f\/fe\/Complete-the-Square-Step-12-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Complete-the-Square-Step-12-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/f\/fe\/Complete-the-Square-Step-12-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Complete-the-Square-Step-12-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 4 把提出来的系数除掉。你可以把3扔掉了,现在得到x2 + 4/3x - 1/3 = 0
  5. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/a\/a7\/Complete-the-Square-Step-13-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Complete-the-Square-Step-13-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/a\/a7\/Complete-the-Square-Step-13-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Complete-the-Square-Step-13-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 5 把第二项系数除以2,得到其平方数。第二项系数 4/3也叫 b 项,找出其一半: 4/3 ÷ 2或 4/3 x 1/2 得到 4/6 ,或 2/3 求得平方为4/9,然后左右都写这项,因为你本质上在加上一个新项,两边都放上,等式才能平衡。得到 x2 + 4/3 x + 2/32 - 1/3 = 2/32
  6. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/c\/c5\/Complete-the-Square-Step-14-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Complete-the-Square-Step-14-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/c\/c5\/Complete-the-Square-Step-14-Version-3.jpg\/v4-728px-Complete-the-Square-Step-14-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 6 把原常数项(变更符号)放在等式右边,把它加到另一边的项上。把原常数项 -1/3 移过去变为1/3,加上 4/9,或 (2/3) 2,把 1/3 、 4/9 通分, 1/3 x 3/3 = 3/9 , 3/9 加上4/9得到 7/9,因此x2 + 4/3 x + 2/32 = 4/9 + 1/3 得到x2 + 4/3 x + 2/32 = 7/9。
  7. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/f\/f3\/Complete-the-Square-Step-15-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Complete-the-Square-Step-15-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/f\/f3\/Complete-the-Square-Step-15-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Complete-the-Square-Step-15-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 7 把等号左边写成一个完全平方式。因为你已经用公式得出缺少的一项了,所以解决了难的部分了。现在你只要把x和中项系数的一半放在括号里求平方即可:(x + 2/3) 2,如果要分解就可以看到 x2+ 4/3 x + 4/9 。现在剩下的方程是(x + 2/3) 2 = 7/9
  8. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/6\/6c\/Complete-the-Square-Step-16-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Complete-the-Square-Step-16-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/6\/6c\/Complete-the-Square-Step-16-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Complete-the-Square-Step-16-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 8 两边同时求平方根。左边(x + 2/3) 2的平方根就是 x + 2/3,右边则得到 +/- (√7)/3 ,9的平方根是 3 ,7 的平方根是 √7 ,要注意加+/-号,因为有正负两解。
  9. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images_en\/thumb\/a\/a8\/Complete-the-Square-Step-17-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Complete-the-Square-Step-17-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.zenmeban.com\/images\/thumb\/a\/a8\/Complete-the-Square-Step-17-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Complete-the-Square-Step-17-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"} 9 把变量分离。要分离x变量,只要把常数2/3 移右边就行了。现在你有两个解:x=+/- (√7)/3 - 2/3 ,这两个解可以放着不动,或者算出7的平方根数来打开根号。

小提示

  • 要注意把 +/-放在合适位置,否则只能得到一个解。
  • 即使知道了二次方程式,也要定个时间多多练习配方法,你可以通过配方来验证二次方程式,或者做一些题。这样你在该记得的时候就不会忘记了。:)

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