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1
了解水痘病毒的传播方式。这种病毒会通过空气中的悬浮微粒传播,传染性很高。这些带有病毒的微粒来自长水痘的皮肤部位或上呼吸道。手碰到破开的水痘后,再摸自己的脸、鼻子或嘴巴,也会感染病毒。[1]X
可靠来源
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
前往来源
接触病毒后,患者会在10到21天后发病。
针对家庭成员传播水痘的研究显示,约90%与水痘患者有近距离接触的人都会染病。
水痘爆发前一到两天就具备传染性,并一直持续到所有水痘都已结痂为止。
接种过疫苗的人仍有可能出水痘,这被称为“突破感染”。患者病情比较轻微,水痘少于50颗,并发低烧。突破感染也会传染,不过传染性只有未接种疫苗的患者的三分之一。[2]X
可靠来源
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
前往来源
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2
保护自己,以免被飞沫传染。照顾水痘患者时,采取一些预防措施,可以降低飞沫感染的风险。水痘带状疱疹会透过飞沫,和患者的直接接触,触碰患者曾经接触过的衣服或东西而传播。[3]X研究来源飞沫可能来自喷嚏、咳嗽、说话时排出的分泌物、鼻涕和口水。[4]X
可靠来源
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
前往来源
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3
触摸患者之前和之后都要洗手。触摸患者之前和之后,或是摸了他们接触过的东西或分泌物后,要记得用肥皂和温水洗手。[6]X
可靠来源
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
前往来源
用肥皂和温水搓手至少20秒。
别忘了擦洗手背、指缝和指甲底下。
如果你需要计时20秒,可以自己哼唱2次《生日快乐》歌。
用温水冲洗干净,然后用干净的毛巾擦干手,或是用干手机烘干。
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4
将患者的活动范围限制在一间房内,降低病毒传播几率。最好让患者待在自己的睡房。如果可以,让他固定使用其中一间浴室,其他人用另一间。[7]X
可靠来源
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
前往来源
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1
了解特定人群得水痘的风险。某些人得水痘时,比别人更容易出现严重、会危及生命的并发症。这些人包括:[16]X
可靠来源
Mayo Clinic
前往来源
母亲没有得过水痘或接种过疫苗的新生儿和婴儿
成人
没有出过水痘的孕妇
药物导致免疫力底下的人
服用类固醇的人
服用免疫抑制剂的人
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2
留意严重水痘可能引发的并发症。在某些情况下,水痘会引起严重并发症,需要接受紧急治疗。水痘感染的并发症包括,但不限于:[17]X
可靠来源
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
前往来源
[18]X
可靠来源
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
前往来源
皮肤或软组织受细菌感染
肺炎
败血病(血液受感染)
中毒性休克综合症
骨感染
败血性关节炎(关节感染)
脑炎
小脑运动失调(小脑发炎)
脱水
关节感染
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3
和医生讨论治疗方案。水痘的治疗方案通常是在家进行支持性治疗。你出现并发症的风险比较高?你除了水痘,还得了其它疾病?那么你可能需要住院,接受继发感染治疗和支持性治疗。在家治疗可以让患者在更舒服的环境下康复。[19]X
可靠来源
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
前往来源
常见的家庭治疗包括:
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4
了解什么时候必须就医。如果患者在家治疗,一定要了解什么情况必须立刻就医。[20]X
可靠来源
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
前往来源
要是患者出现以下状况,请立刻联络医生或带他到急诊室: