性交、分娩、疾病或使用卫生棉条不当,都有可能造成阴道裂伤,让人又痛又不舒服。除了分娩造成的阴道裂伤可能需要缝合外,其它情况大多都很轻微,会自行痊愈。只要保持阴道清洁,避免性交和刺激伤口,大部分阴道裂伤都会自然愈合。如果伤口很深,还是建议就医检查,让医生缝合伤口。
步骤
方法 1 的 4:
治疗分娩造成的阴道裂伤
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1
确认裂伤程度。 分娩造成的阴道裂伤可以分成4个等级。一级裂伤是表皮轻微裂伤。二级裂伤涉及皮肤和肌肉。一级和二级基本上属于轻度裂伤。[1]
三级裂伤深度达到会阴肌肉。四级裂伤深度达到肛管和直肠。
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2
缝合患处。 分娩造成的阴道裂伤需要缝合。医生会沿着裂伤部位进行简单的缝合。三级和四级裂伤需要进行更复杂的缝合。每一层皮肤和肌肉需要分开缝合。[2]
在三级和四级裂伤中,医生会将支撑肛管和直肠的肌肉缝合起来。
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3
保持患处干净。 不管是哪个等级的裂伤,你都必须保持患处干净,减少细菌,预防感染。每天清洗阴道和会阴部位数次。[3]
用干净的毛巾拍干患处。由前往后擦,以免将直肠的细菌带到阴道。
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4
经常更换敷料。 每4-6小时更换敷料或卫生巾1次,以保持伤口干净,降低感染细菌的风险。[4]
5
预防便秘,以减轻患处的压力。 便秘会加重伤势和疼痛。服用大便软化剂来预防便秘,同时要多喝水,多吃高纤维食物。
6
做凯格尔运动 ,锻练骨盆底肌肉。 一个简单的方法是收紧小便时用到的肌肉,5分钟后再松开。每天重复10次。
方法 2 的 4:
减轻疼痛
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1
进行冷敷。 冷敷有助于减轻患处疼痛和炎症。不要直接将冰块或冷敷布放在皮肤上。先用一块布裹着,以免皮肤被冻伤。敷大概10分钟。[5]
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2
服用非处方止痛药。 如果患处很痛,你可以服用非处方止痛药。扑热息痛(泰诺)、布洛芬(Advil)或非甾体抗炎药(Aleve)等,都可以帮助你减轻疼痛和不适。[6]
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3
每小时都要休息。 阴道裂伤时,你应该放轻松,尤其是分娩后。如果伤口很深,不可以站着或坐着太久,以免给阴道部位造成压力。[7]
生产后接下来2-4天,每个小时应该躺下休息20-40分钟。
4
每天最多进行3次坐浴。 坐浴指的是将骨盆浸在水中,可以促进裂伤部位愈合和缓解疼痛。在温水中坐浴不超过10分钟,之后用干净的毛巾拍干皮肤。[8]
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5
使用有舒缓作用的油。 你可以在阴道外部的皮肤涂抹一些有自然疗效的油,包括芦荟胶、维生素E油,或是有舒缓作用的非抗菌油。不要在阴道涂抹抗菌乳霜,以免影响阴道自身的菌群平衡。[9]
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6
用燕麦泡澡。 裂伤部位在愈合过程中可能会发痒。患处也有可能一触即痛或变得干涩。如果你出现以上情况,可以用燕麦泡澡。在浴缸装满温水,倒入燕麦。浸泡在水中放松身体,让燕麦发挥止痒和消炎的作用。[10]
方法 3 的 4:
治疗轻微裂伤
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1
留意是否感到疼痛。 阴道裂伤会导致腹股沟轻微疼痛。你可能会在坐下、走路或穿紧身衣服时感到疼痛。轻微裂伤也会引起轻微出血,患处可能会发痒或不舒服。[11]
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2
确认伤口深度。 具体的治疗方法取决于伤势。如果你不确定伤口有多严重,可以用镜子照一照患处。如果看不到裂伤部位,建议去看医生。[12]
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3
放任轻微裂伤不管。 简单的撕裂伤会自然愈合,不需要任何治疗。它们面积小,看起来像被纸张割伤或擦伤。刚开始可能会出血、刺痛、不舒服和发痒。简单的撕裂伤通常都是自己的行为造成的,比如性交或使用卫生棉条不当。[13]
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4
每天清洗阴道2次。 阴道裂伤或割伤期间,每天用温和的清洁剂清洗它。动作要轻柔,不要太用力。使用不含刺激物的低致敏性肥皂。尽量不要洗掉阴道的天然保护层,它帮助保护阴道,促进患处愈合。[14]
不要清洗伤阴道内部,只洗外部的皮肤就好。
阴道裂伤期间,避免灌洗阴道。这会扰乱阴道原本的酸碱平衡。
5
穿干净、舒适的内裤。 在阴道裂伤期间,透气的棉质内裤是最好的选择。稍微宽松但舒适的裤子有助于缓解阴道在愈合期间的不适感。
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6
避免性生活。 阴道裂伤期间,避免自慰或和伴侣进行性生活。任何会碰到患处的性行为都有可能导致伤口再次裂开,也有可能把身体其它部位的细菌带到患处。[15]
阴道裂伤愈合后,头几次性交时一定要非常小心,放轻动作,以免再次撕裂敏感的阴道组织。
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7
避免将卫生棉条或其它东西放入阴道。 患处愈合期间,不要将任何东西放入阴道,以免刺激它。不要使用卫生棉条、避孕套、避孕膜或其它置于阴道的东西,也不可以使用刺激性润滑液或乳液。[16]
8
如果伤势恶化,建议去看医生。 如果患处越来越痛,你应该让医生检查。另外,如果患处出血、发臭或有分泌物,你感到头晕或发烧,也必须立即就医。[17]
方法 4 的 4:
就医治疗
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1
就医检查。 如果阴道裂伤让你感到非常痛,裂伤面积比一般的小切口或擦伤大,或者迟迟没有愈合,一定要去看医生。医生会检查阴道伤势,确认最适合你的治疗方案。
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2
服用处方药。 医生可能会给你开药治疗感染或促进伤口愈合。这些处方药有可能是乳霜、药片或凝胶。[18]
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3
提高雌激素水平。 雌激素水平低可能引起萎缩性阴道炎,阴道变得干涩,很容易撕裂。癌症、激素失调等情况,也会导致雌激素水平低下。医生可能会给你开雌激素乳霜,并建议你改变饮食,增加从饮食中摄入的雌激素。[19]
不要在未咨询医生的情况下,擅自提高雌激素水平。这样可能会扰乱身体的化学平衡。
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4
改变饮食。 有些女性阴道裂伤是因为缺乏特定营养,导致阴道皮肤和粘膜分解。如果你的阴道经常裂伤,无法治愈,不妨和医生讨论你的饮食习惯。营养师可以帮助你确认身体缺乏哪些营养,以及如何安全地增加它们的摄入量。[20]
缺锌是阴道裂伤的常见原因之一。维生素A、欧米茄-3脂肪酸、钙和维生素C不足,也有可能导致阴道裂伤。
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5
如果伤口很深,建议立即就医。 有些裂伤很深或很严重,可能出大量血、流脓、发臭、有疏松的组织或是引起剧痛。如果你出现上面其中一种症状,应该立即就医治疗。这类伤口通常是分娩、创伤或性交时发生的意外造成的。[21]
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6
缝合伤口。 许多很深的阴道裂伤都必须缝合。长度超过2.5厘米的裂伤都需要缝合。医生会将皮肤缝在一起。诊所或医院都能进行这项治疗。这些伤口通常会愈合得很好。在恢复期间,注意保持伤口干净和干爽,并穿宽松的衣服。[22]