如果这些部位明显肿起来或凸起,淋巴结可能因为被链球菌感染而肿大。[5]X研究来源Domino, F. (n.d.). The 5-minute clinical consult standard 2015 (23rd ed.).
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5
检查舌头。患者的舌头上通常布满一层刺刺的小红点,尤其是口腔最里面那一侧。[6]X
可靠来源
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
前往来源
大多数人表示这个多刺的表层跟草莓外皮很像。
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3
了解生活环境是否增加你的患病风险。如果其他家庭成员在过去2周感染链球菌咽喉炎,你得病的几率更大。[12]X
可靠来源
American Academy of Family Physicians
前往来源
多人共享的室内生活或玩乐空间,例如学校、托儿所、宿舍和军营,都是细菌可能定殖的环境。
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1
知道什么时候该去看医生。并非每次喉咙痛都需要大动干戈去医院,但如果出现链球菌咽喉炎症状,一定要立刻去看医生。[13]X研究来源如果喉咙痛伴随着淋巴结肿大、红疹、吞咽或呼吸困难、发高烧或超过48小时仍不退烧,请立即约见医生。[14]X研究来源Domino, F. (n.d.). The 5-minute clinical consult standard 2015 (23rd ed.).
喉咙痛超过48小时也应该去看医生。
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2
跟医生讲述你的状况。详细列出所有症状,告诉医生你怀疑自己患上链球菌咽喉炎。他通常会查看你是否有一些明确的症状。[15]X研究来源Domino, F. (n.d.). The 5-minute clinical consult standard 2015 (23rd ed.).
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3
医生会进行临床诊断程序。这项程序基本上可以帮助他有条理地评估症状。如果是成人,医生会用改良版的Centor临床预测准则,以实际经验为依据,判断你是否感染了A群链球菌。他按照这一系列标准,确认你是否应该接受链球菌咽喉炎治疗,并拟定治疗方案。[17]X研究来源McIsaac WJ, Kellner JD, Aufricht P, et al. Empirical validation of guidelines for the management of pharyngitis in children and adults.JAMA. 2004;291:1587–1595.
如果你得3到4分,受A群链球菌感染的阳性预测值有约80%,算得上是确认得病。你必须服用抗生素,医生会制定合适的治疗方案。[18]X研究来源 McIsaac WJ, Kellner JD, Aufricht P, et al. Empirical validation of guidelines for the management of pharyngitis in children and adults.JAMA. 2004;291:1587–1595.
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4
要求医生进行链球菌咽喉炎快速检测。[19]X研究来源 Centor评分标准无法有效预测儿童是否患有能用抗生素治疗的感染。在这种情况下,医生可以在办公室花几分钟做个快速抗原检测。[20]X研究来源Domino, F. (n.d.). The 5-minute clinical consult standard 2015 (23rd ed.).
他会用棉棒采集喉底的液体样本,在办公室检测是否有细菌,5到10分钟内就可以知道结果。
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5
要求医生做喉咙细菌培养检查。如果快速检测的结果呈阴性,但是你还出现其它症状,医生可能会做一个耗时更长的检查,也就是喉咙细菌培养检查。他会试着在实验室培养定殖在你喉咙的细菌。当培养的细菌数量增加,更容易检测到是否有大量A群链球菌。医生会根据自己的临床判断,随意结合使用Centor标准、快速检测和喉咙细菌培养。[21]X研究来源Domino, F. (n.d.). The 5-minute clinical consult standard 2015 (23rd ed.).
单凭快速检测足以确认是否感染链球菌。但也有可能出现假阴性结果。相比之下,咽喉培养检查更准确。
如果快速检测的结果呈阳性,就不需要做喉咙细菌培养检查,因为快速检测直接检查是否有链球菌的抗原,细菌数量达到阈值,才会得到阳性结果。患者必须立刻展开抗生素疗程。[22]X研究来源Domino, F. (n.d.). The 5-minute clinical consult standard 2015 (23rd ed.).